Achromatic Dye-Based Polarization Element, And Polarization Plate

ABSTRACT

[Problem] To provide a highly-transmissive polarization plate that can express achromatic white when a polarization element is arranged parallel to an absorbing axis, and achromatic black when the polarization element is arranged orthogonal to the absorbing axis. 
     [Solution] A single body, which is a base material that contains a dichromatic dye formed from an azo compound, that exhibits transmissivity of equal to or greater than 35% and a polarization degree adjusted to equal to or greater than 99% and is characterized in that a* and b* values, which are acquired for a polarization element or a polarization plate using JIS•Z•8729, have an a* and b* absolute value that is: less than 1 at the time of a single-body transmittance measurement; less than 2 when two sheets of the base material are arranged parallel to the absorbing axis direction and the a* and b* values are measured; and less than 2 when two sheets of the base material are arranged orthogonal to the absorbing axis direction and the a* and b* values are measured.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a dye-based polarization element, and to a polarization plate.

BACKGROUND ART

Typically, a polarization element is manufactured by orienting iodine or a dichroic dye as dichroic pigments on a polyvinyl alcohol resin film by adsorption. A protective film comprising triacetyl cellulose or the like is adhered, via an adhesive layer, to at least one surface of the polarization element, to give a polarization plate, which is used in a liquid crystal display device or the like. A polarization plate that employs iodine as the dichroic pigment is called an iodine-based polarization plate, while a polarization plate that employs a dichroic dye as the dichroic pigment is called a dye-based polarization plate. Of these, dye-based polarization plates have high heat resistance, high durability against heat and humidity, and high stability, and also feature wide color selection through blending; on the other hand, there is a problem in that a polarization plate having the same degree of polarization as an iodine-based polarization plate will have comparatively lower transmittance, i.e. lower contrast. Accordingly, there is a desire for a polarization plate that maintains high durability, while offering a wide selection of colors, as well as having higher transmittance and high polarization characteristics. However, even with such dye-based polarization plates that offer a wide selection of colors, the polarization elements to date have been ones that, when it is attempted to arrange polarization elements parallel to the absorption axis to produce white, instead emit a yellowish tinge. When, in order to ameliorate the yellowish tinge encountered with the parallel arrangement, a polarization plate designed to minimize the yellowish tinge encountered with the parallel arrangement is fabricated, a resultant problem is that, when the polarization element is arranged on an orthogonal axis with respect to the absorption axis, black appears as blue. Therefore, while there is a need, as a polarization element, for a polarization plate that expresses achromatic white when white color is to be displayed, and that expresses achromatic black when black color is to be displayed, no polarization element or polarization plate has been capable of expressing achromatic white when displaying white, and achromatic black when displaying black, at single transmittance of 35% or above.

PRIOR ART REFERENCES Patent References

-   Patent Reference 1: Japanese Patent No. 4281261 Patent Reference 2:     Japanese Patent No. 3357803

Non-Patent References

-   Non-Patent Reference 1: Kinosei Shikiso no Oyo (Application of     functional dye), First Edition, CMC Shuppan Co., Ltd., M. Irie,     ed., p. 98-100

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Problems to be Solved by the Invention

Techniques such as those of Patent Reference 1 or Patent Reference 2 have been disclosed by way of methods for improving the hue of polarization plates. In Patent Reference 1, there is disclosed a polarization plate for which a neutral coefficient is calculated, the absolute value being from 0 to 3; however, from the working examples it is understood that, notwithstanding the low neutral coefficient (Np), for the parallel hue calculated from JIS Z 8729, the a* value is from −2 to −1, and the b* value is from 2.5 to 4.0, and therefore when white is to be expressed, the color appears as a greenish yellow color. For the orthogonal hue, the a* value is from 0 to 1, and the b* value is from −1.5 to −4.0, and therefore the polarization plate presents a blue color. In Patent Reference 2, there is disclosed a polarization element, the average value of transmittance at 410 nm to 750 nm of which is adjusted to no more than ±30% by adding, in addition to iodine, a direct dye, reactive dye, or acid dye. However, the polarization element obtained thereby has single transmittance, that is, the polarization element has the color when measured using only a single polarization element, such that the a value and the b value in the UCS color space have absolute values no more than 2. Thus, the element is not able to simultaneously express as achromatic color the hues produced during white display (when parallel) and black display (when orthogonal), with use of two polarization plates. As may be seen from the working examples, the single transmittance in Working Example 1 is 31.95%, and that in Working Example 2 is 31.41%; due to this low transmittance, the element does not have satisfactory performance, in terms of higher transmittance and higher degree of polarization, in fields where high transmittance and high contrast are required, particularly liquid crystal display devices, organic electroluminescence, and similar fields. Moreover, since iodine was used as a principal dichroic pigment in Example 1 and Example 2, the polarizing elements or polarizing plates exhibited considerable color change subsequent to durability testing, in particular subsequent to testing of durability against heat and humidity, thus the polarization elements and polarization plates lacked durability.

Means Used to Solve the Above-Mentioned Problems

As a result of extensive study directed to solving the aforementioned problem, the inventors made the novel discovery that a polarization element which has a single transmittance of 35% or above and a polarization degree of 99% or above, where a single body is a base material containing a dichroic dye comprising an azo compound, the polarization element being characterized in that the a* value and the b* value calculated in accordance with JIS Z 8729 are such that the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value when the single transmittance is measured are no more than 1, the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value measured with two of the base materials being arranged in parallel with respect to the direction of the absorption axis are no more than 2, and the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value measured with two of the base materials being arranged orthogonally with respect to the direction of the absorption axis are no more than 2, affords a polarization element or polarization plate that, while having high transmittance, has a high polarization degree, is capable of expressing achromatic white when the absorption axis of the polarization element is arranged in parallel, is capable of expressing achromatic black when the absorption axis of the polarization element is arranged orthogonally, and further has high durability.

Specifically, the present invention relates to:

“(1) A polarization element comprising a base material containing an azo compound, wherein the polarization element is characterized in that a* value and b* value of hue calculated in accordance with JIS Z 8729 are such that absolute values of the a* value and the b* value when the single transmittance is measured are no more than 1, absolute values of the a* value and the b* value measured with two of the base materials being arranged in parallel with respect to an absorption axis direction are no more than 2, and absolute values of the a* value and the b* value measured with two of the base materials being arranged orthogonally with respect to the absorption axis direction are no more than 2; and the single transmittance is 35% or above, and a polarization degree is 99% or above. (2) The polarization element according to (1), characterized in that the single transmittance is 35% to 40%, and the transmittance measured with two of the base materials being arranged orthogonally with respect to the absorption axis direction is equal to or less than 0.1%. (3) The polarization element according to (1) or (2), characterized in that transmittance of individual wavelengths during irradiation with polarized light, an absolutely polarized form of which having a vibration direction orthogonal to the absorption axis direction of a base material polarization element, is such that an absolute value of difference between average transmittance at 550 nm to 600 nm and average transmittance at 400 nm to 460 nm is no more than 4%, and an absolute value of difference between average transmittance at 600 nm to 670 nm and average transmittance at 550 nm to 600 nm is no more than 3%; and transmittance of individual wavelengths during irradiation with polarized light, an absolutely polarized form of which having a vibration direction parallel to the absorption axis direction of the base material polarization element, is such that an absolute value of difference between average transmittance at 550 nm to 600 nm and average transmittance at 400 nm to 460 nm is no more than 1%, and an absolute value of difference between average transmittance at 600 nm to 670 nm relative to average transmittance at 550 nm to 600 nm is no more than 1%; (4) The polarization element according to any of (1) to (3), characterized by containing, in a form of a free acid, azo compounds, wherein the azo compounds are an azo compound represented by formula (1) or a salt thereof, and an azo compound represented by formula (2) or a salt thereof:

(wherein A₁ represents a phenyl group or naphthyl group having a substituent group; R₁ and R₂ each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group, a lower alkoxy group, a sulfo group, or a lower alkoxy group having a sulfo group; and X₁ represents a phenylamino group optionally having a substituent group.)

(wherein A₂ represents a phenyl group or naphthyl group having a substituent group; R₃ represents a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group, a lower alkoxy group, a sulfo group, or a lower alkoxy group having a sulfo group; and X₂ represents a phenylamino group optionally having a substituent group). (5) The polarization element according to any of (1) to (4), characterized by containing, in the form of a free acid, an azo compound selected from azo compounds represented by formula (3), salts thereof, and transition metal complexes thereof:

(wherein A₃ represents a nitro group or an amino group; R₄ represents a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a lower alkyl group, a lower alkoxy group, a sulfo group, or a lower alkoxy group having a sulfo group; and X₃ represents a phenylamino group optionally having a substituent group). (6) The polarization element according to any of (1) to (4), characterized by containing, in the form of a free acid, an azo compound selected from azo compounds represented by formula (4), salts thereof, and transition metal complexes thereof:

(wherein R₅ and R₆ each independently represent a sulfo group, a carboxy group, a hydroxy group, a lower alkyl group, or a lower alkoxy group; n represents an integer of 1 to 3). (7) The polarization element according to any of (4) to (6), characterized in that R₃ of formula (2) is a methyl group or a methoxy group. (8) The polarization element according to any of (4) to (7), characterized in that A₁ of formula (1) is a phenyl group having a substituent group. (9) The polarization element according to any of (4) to (8), characterized in the azo compound represented by formula (3) is a copper complex. (10) The polarization element according to any of (4) to (9), characterized in that the substituent group of A₃ of formula (3) is a nitro group. (11) The polarization element according to any of (4) to (10), characterized in that R₄ of formula (3) is a methoxy group. (12) The polarization element according to any of (1) to (11), characterized in that the base material comprises a polyvinyl alcohol resin film. (13) The polarization plate according to any of (1) to (12), wherein a support film is furnished to at least one surface of the polarization element. (14) A liquid crystal display device comprising the polarization element or polarization plate of according to any of (1) to (13).”

Advantages of the Invention

The polarization element of the present invention, provides a polarization element and polarization plate that, while having high transmittance and a high polarization degree, are capable of expressing achromatic white when the absorption axes of the polarization elements are arranged in parallel, and capable of expressing achromatic black when the absorption axes of the polarization elements are arranged orthogonally, and that have high durability.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

The polarization element of the present invention, in one aspect thereof, is a polarization element comprising a base material that contains a dichroic dye of iodine and an azo compound, characterized in that the a* value and the b* value of hue calculated in accordance with JIS Z 8729 are such that the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value when single transmittance is measured are no more than 1, the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value measured with two of the base materials being arranged in parallel with respect to the direction of the absorption axis are no more than 2, the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value measured with two of the base materials being arranged orthogonally with respect to the direction of the absorption axis are no more than 2, and the single transmittance is 35% and a polarization degree is 99.9% or above. The object color display method specified in JIS Z 8729 is equivalent to the object color display method specified by the International Commission on Illumination (abbreviated CIE). Single-body transmittance indicates the transmittance observed when transmittance is measured from one (a single) polarization element while natural light is directed thereon; it is necessary that the hue observed during measurement of single transmittance be such that the a* value (hereinafter denoted as a*-s) and the b* value (hereinafter denoted as b*-s), expressed as absolute values, are 1 or less. Moreover, a polarization plate that can express achromatic color can be realized where, with natural light being incident thereon, the absolute values of the a* value (hereinafter denoted as a*-p) and the b* value (hereinafter denoted as b*-p) measured with two base materials being arranged in parallel with respect to the direction of the absorption axis are no more than 2, and where, with natural light being incident thereon, the absolute values of the a* value (hereinafter denoted as a*-c) and the b* value (hereinafter denoted as a*-c) measured with two base materials being arranged orthogonally with respect to the direction of the absorption axis are no more than 2. In preferred practice, the absolute values of a*-p and b*-p are no more than 1.5, and the absolute values of a*-c and b*-c are no more than 1.5; and more preferably the absolute values of a*-p and b*-p are no more than 1.0, and the absolute values of a*-c and b*-c are no more than 1.0. Humans can perceive a difference in color as small as an absolute value of 0.5 between the absolute values of a*-p and b*-p, and it is therefore extremely important to control the numerical values. In particular, where the absolute values of a*-p and b*-p are no more than 1, the polarization plate will be good enough that it is substantially impossible to distinguish the appearance of color, when the color is substantially white, or when black.

While high transmittance and a high degree of polarization are required as capabilities of a polarization plate, provided that the single transmittance of the plate is 35%, ample brightness can be expressed even when employed in a display device; a level of 38% or above is preferred, with 39% or above being more preferred. Where the degree of polarization is 99% or above, polarizing capability as a display device can be expressed. However, currently, there is a need for even higher-contrast polarization plates, and there being a need for polarization plates more preferably having a degree of polarization of 99.9% or above, and more preferably 99.95% or above. However, when the single transmittance exceeds 40%, there is the possibility that a decline in the polarization degree will occur, and therefore the single transmittance should be from 35% to 40%.

Such a polarization element in which the a* value and the b* value, calculated in accordance with JIS-Z-8729, are such that the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value when the single transmittance is measured are no more than 1, the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value measured with two of the base materials being arranged in parallel with respect to the direction of the absorption axis are no more than 2, the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value measured with two of the base materials being arranged orthogonal with respect to the direction of the absorption axis are no more than 2; and which has single transmittance of 35% or above and a polarization degree of 99% or above, can be realized by including in the base material a dichroic dye comprising an azo compound.

The base material is a film produced from a hydrophilic polymer capable of containing an azo compound. Examples of the hydrophilic polymer include, but not limited to, polyvinyl alcohol resins, amylose resins, starch based resins, cellulose resins, polyacrylate resins, and the like. When an azo compound is to be contained, polyvinyl alcohol resins, and resins comprising a derivative thereof, are most desirable for their properties such as processability, dye affinity, crosslinkability, and the like. A polarization element or polarization plate can be fabricated by forming the resins into a film, compounding the film with an azo compound of the present invention and a blend thereof, and applying an orientation process such as stretching.

As dichroic dyes comprising azo compounds, organic compounds such as those indicated, e.g., in Non-Patent Reference 1, can be used. In particular, highly dichroic dies are especially preferred. Examples of such compounds include C.I. Direct Yellow-12, C.I. Direct Yellow-28, C.I. Direct Yellow-44, C.I. Direct Orange 26, C.I. Direct Orange 39, C.I. Direct Orange 107, C.I. Direct Red 2, C.I. Direct Red 31, C.I. Direct Red 79, C.I. Direct Red 81, C.I. Direct Red 247, C.I. Direct Green 80, C.I. Direct Green 59, and the organic dyes disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application 2001-33627, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application 2002-296417, and Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application 60-156759. These organic dyes can be used in the form of free acids, or of alkali metal salts (e.g., Na, K, or Li salts), ammonium salts, or amine salts. However, the dichroic dyes are not limited to these; any known azo compounds can be employed. The optical characteristics are particularly improved where the azo compound is a free acid, salt thereof, or copper complex salt dye thereof. It is acceptable to employ a single type of azo compound, or to employ blends with other azo based dyes, with no limitation as to the blend. By employing such a pigment, and adjusting the transmittance of the polarization element, there can be provided a polarization element characterized in that the a* value and the b* value calculated in accordance with JIS-Z-8729 are such that the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value when the single transmittance is measured are no more than 1, the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value measured with two of the base materials being arranged in parallel with respect to the direction of the absorption axis are no more than 2, and the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value measured with two of the base materials being arranged orthogonal with respect to the direction of the absorption axis are no more than 2; and the single transmittance is 35% or above, and the polarization degree is 99% or above.

The polarization element can be readily realized by controlling the transmittance thereof at individual wavelengths, the polarization element being characterized in that the a* value and the b* value calculated in accordance with JIS Z 8729 are such that the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value when the single transmittance is measured are no more than 1, the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value measured with two of the base materials being arranged in parallel with respect to the direction of the absorption axis are no more than 2, and the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value measured with two of the base materials being arranged orthogonal with respect to the direction of the absorption axis are no more than 2; and the single transmittance is 35% or above, and the polarization degree is 99% or above. One control method by which such an element is readily realized involves causing the transmittance of individual wavelengths during irradiation with polarized light, the substantially 100% polarized form of which (hereinafter, absolutely-polarized light) having a vibration direction that is orthogonal to the absorption axis direction of the base material (polarization element), to be controlled in such a way that the absolute value of the difference between the average transmittance at 550 nm to 600 nm and the average transmittance at 400 nm to 460 nm is no more than 4%, and the absolute value of the difference between the average transmittance at 600 nm to 670 nm and the average transmittance at 550 nm to 600 nm is no more than 3%; and, further, causing the transmittance of individual wavelengths during irradiation with polarized light, the absolutely polarized form of which having a vibration direction parallel to the absorption axis direction of the base material polarization element, to be controlled such that the difference between the average transmittance at 550 nm to 600 nm and the average transmittance at 400 nm to 460 nm is no more than 1%, and the difference between the average transmittance at 600 nm to 670 nm and the average transmittance at 550 nm to 600 nm is no more than 1%. More preferably, the transmittance of individual wavelengths during irradiation with polarized light, the absolutely polarized form of which having a vibration direction coincident with the orthogonal direction, will be controlled such that the absolute value of the difference between the average transmittance at 550 nm to 600 nm and the average transmittance at 400 nm to 460 nm is no more than 2.0%, and the difference between the average transmittance at 600 nm to 670 nm and the average transmittance at 550 nm to 600 nm is no more than 2.0%; still more preferably, the transmittance of individual wavelengths during irradiation with polarized light, the absolutely polarized form of which having a vibration direction coincident with the orthogonal direction, will be controlled such that the difference between the average transmittance at 550 nm to 600 nm and the average transmittance at 400 nm to 460 nm is no more than 1.0%, and the difference between the average transmittance at 600 nm to 670 nm relative to the average transmittance at 550 nm to 600 nm is no more than 1.0%.

By including a pigment which contains a dichroic dye composed of an azo compound; which contains, in the form of a free acid, an azo compound represented by formula (1) or a salt thereof and an azo compound represented by formula (2) or a salt thereof as useful for controlling of wavelengths such that the a* value and the b* value of hue calculated in accordance with JIS-Z-8729 are such that the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value when the single transmittance is measured are no more than 1, the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value measured with two of the base materials being arranged in parallel with respect to the direction of the absorption axis are no more than 2, and the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value measured with two of the base materials being arranged orthogonal with respect to the direction of the absorption axis are no more than 2 in the base material, and adjusting color, there can be realized a polarization element in which parallel achromatic white and orthogonal achromatic black can be better expressed and which has single transmittance of 35% or above and a polarization degree of 99% or above. Further, by including an azo compound selected from azo compounds represented by formula (3), salts thereof, and metal complexes thereof, not only can the hue be rendered more achromatic, but a polarization plate having high transmittance and a high polarization degree can be realized. While there are no particular limitations as to the metal complexes, copper complexes are especially preferred. Further, azo compounds represented by formula (4), or salts thereof, may be included for the purpose of imparting higher transmittance and a higher polarization degree, and rendering parallel and orthogonal hues more achromatic. By employing dyes of formula (3) or formula (4), there were provided high-durability achromatic polarization plates that experienced no color change, even after endurance testing.

(wherein A₁ represents a phenyl group or naphthyl group having a substituent group; R₁ and R₂ each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group, a lower alkoxy group, a sulfo group, or a lower alkoxy group having a sulfo group; and X₁ represents a phenylamino group optionally having a substituent group.)

(wherein A₂ represents a phenyl group or naphthyl group having a substituent group; R₂ represents a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group, a lower alkoxy group, a sulfo group, or a lower alkoxy group having a sulfo group; and X₂ represents a phenylamino group optionally having a substituent group.)

(wherein A₃ represents a nitro group or an amino group; R₄ represents a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a lower alkyl group, a lower alkoxy group, a sulfo group, or a lower alkoxy group having a sulfo group; and X₂ represents a phenylamino group optionally having a substituent group.)

(wherein R₇ and R₈ each independently represent a sulfo group, a carboxy group, a hydroxy group, a lower alkyl group, or a lower alkoxy group; and n represents an integer of 1 to 3.)

The azo compounds represented by formula (1) can be produced by the methods disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application 2003-215338, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application 9-302250, Japanese Patent Publication 3881175, Japanese Patent Publication 4452237, Japanese Patent Publication 4662853, and the like; however, there is no limitation thereto. The azo compounds represented by formula (2) can be produced, for example, by the method disclosed in Japanese Examined Patent Application 01-005623; however, there is no limitation thereto. The pigments represented by formula (3) can be produced, for example, by the method disclosed in Japanese Patent Application 2011-197600; however there is no limitation thereto. The azo compounds represented by formula (4) can be produced, for example, by the method disclosed in WO 2007/138980; however, there is no limitation thereto.

In order to obtain polarization elements having higher transmittance and a higher polarization degree, and expressing more achromatic parallel and orthogonal hues, R3 of formula (2) should be a methyl group or methoxy group. While the methoxy group is preferred, when an azo compound represented by formula (3) is used, it is preferable for R3 to be a methyl group.

In order to obtain polarization elements having higher transmittance and a higher polarization degree, and expressing more achromatic parallel and orthogonal hues, A₁ of formula (1) should be a phenyl group having a substituent. In this case, preferred substituents are a sulfo group, a carbonyl group, a hydroxyl group, a lower alkyl group, a lower alkoxy group, an alkoxyl group having a sulfo group, or a lower alkoxy group having a sulfo group; more preferred are a sulfo group or a carbonyl group. A single such substituent group is acceptable, as are two or more multiple substituent groups. In the lower alkyl groups and lower alkoxy groups of the present invention, “lower” refers to a carbon number of 1 to 3.

Further, in order to obtain polarization elements having higher transmittance and a higher polarization degree, and expressing more achromatic parallel and orthogonal hues, it is preferable for A₃ of formula (3) to be a nitro group having a substituent group, in terms of improving polarization capability. Further, in order to obtain polarization elements having higher transmittance and a higher degree of polarization, and expressing more achromatic parallel and orthogonal hues, the substituent group of R₄ is preferably a methoxy group.

Further, in order to obtain polarization elements having higher transmittance and a higher polarization degree, and expressing more achromatic parallel and orthogonal hues, it is preferable for R₄ and R₆ of formula (4) to be sulfo groups or carbonyl groups, so as to obtain polarization plates that are achromatic during black display and white display. By changing the terminal in formula (4), the polarization degree at the short-wavelength side of the polarization element, in particular the polarization degree at 400 nm to 480 nm, is improved, whereby the b*-p or b*-c value of the polarization plate approaches zero, i.e., more closely approaches achromaticity.

Specific examples of azo compounds represented by formula (1) may include the azo compounds disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication 3881175, Japanese Patent Publication 4033443, and the like.

More specific examples of azo compounds represented by formula (1) are given below, in the form of a free acid.

Compound Example 1

Compound Example 2

Compound Example 3

Compound Example 4

Compound Example 5

Compound Example 6

Compound Example 7

Compound Example 8

Compound Example 9

Compound Example 10

Next, specific examples of azo compounds represented by formula (2) are given below, in the form of a free acid.

Compound Example 11

Compound Example 12

Compound Example 13

Compound Example 14

Compound Example 15

Next, specific examples of azo compounds represented by formula (3) are given below, in the form of a free acid.

Compound Example 16

Compound Example 17

Compound Example 18

Compound Example 19

Compound Example 20

Compound Example 21

Compound Example 22

Compound Example 23

Compound Example 24

Compound Example 25

Compound Example 26

Compound Example 27

Compound Example 28

Next, examples of acceptable azo compounds represented by formula (4) include, but are not limited to, C.I. Direct Yellow 4, C.I. Direct Yellow 12, C.I. Direct Yellow 72, C.I. Direct Orange 39, the dyes disclosed in WO 2007/138980, and other such azo compounds having a stilbene structure, but there is no limitation to these. Specific examples of azo compounds represented by formula (4) for use in the present invention are given below. The compound examples are represented in the form of a free acid.

Compound Example 29

Compound Example 30

(wherein n represents the integer 1 or 2.)

Compound Example 31

A specific example of a polarization element fabrication method is described below, taking an example of a polyvinyl alcohol resin film as the base material. There are no particular limitations as to the method for fabricating the polyvinyl alcohol resin film; known methods may be employed for fabrication. The fabricated method includes saponification of a polyvinyl acetate resin. Examples of the polyvinyl acetate resin include copolymers of vinyl acetate and other monomers copolymerizable therewith, and the like, in addition to polyvinyl acetate composed of a homopolymer of vinyl acetate. Examples of other monomers for copolymerization with vinyl acetate may include unsaturated carboxylic acids, olefins, vinyl ethers, unsaturated sulfonic acids, and the like. The degree of saponification of the polyvinyl alcohol resin is normally on the order of 85-100 mol %, and is preferably 95 mol % or above. The polyvinyl alcohol resin may be further modified; for example, aldehyde-modified polyvinyl formal or polyvinyl acetal can be used as well. The degree of polymerization of the polyvinyl alcohol resin refers to the viscosity-average degree of polymerization, and can be calculated by methods widely known in the technical field. The degree of polymerization is typically about 1,000-10,000, and preferably about 1,500-6,000.

The film produced from the polyvinyl alcohol resin is employed as the original fabric film. There are no particular limitations as to the method for film production from the polyvinyl alcohol resin; widely known methods may be employed for film production. In this case, the polyvinyl alcohol resin film may contain plasticizers such as glycerin, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, low-molecular weight polyethylene glycol, and the like. The amount of plasticizer is 5-20 wt %, preferably 8-15 wt %. There are no particular limitations as to the thickness of the original fabric film composed of the polyvinyl alcohol resin; the thickness may be, e.g., about 5 μm-150 μm, and preferably about 10 μm-100 μm.

The original fabric film obtained in the above manner is next subjected to a swelling step. For the swelling step, a process involving immersion for 30 seconds to 10 minutes in a solution at 20-50° C. is applied. Preferably, the solution is water. The stretching magnification may be adjusted to 1.00-1.50, and preferably 1.10-1.35. When a shorter time to fabricate the polarization element film is desired, the swelling step may be omitted, as swelling occurs during the pigment dyeing process as well.

The swelling step is carried out by immersing the polyvinyl alcohol resin film in a solution at 20-50° C. for 30 seconds to 10 minutes. Preferably, the solution is water. When a shorter time to fabricate the polarization element film is desired, the swelling step may be omitted, as swelling occurs during the pigment dyeing process as well.

After the swelling step, a dyeing step is carried out. In the dyeing step, impregnation can be accomplished using an azo compound (commonly called a dichroic pigment) such as those indicated in Non-Patent Reference 1, and the like. Because impregnation with these azo compounds is a step that entails imparting color, it is employed as a dyeing step. Using, as azo compounds, the dyes disclosed in Non-Patent Reference 1, or azo compounds such as those represented by formula (1), formula (2), formula (3), formula (4), or the like, the azo compounds can be adsorbed onto a polyvinyl alcohol film in the dyeing step. There are no particular limitations as to the dyeing step, provided that the method is one for inducing adsorption of pigments on a polyvinyl alcohol film; the dyeing step may be carried out, for example, by immersing the polyvinyl alcohol resin film in a solution containing an azo compound. The solution temperature in this step is preferably 5-60° C., more preferably 20-50° C., and particularly preferably 35-50° C. The duration of immersion in the solution can be adjusted appropriately, and is preferably adjusted to from 30 seconds to 20 minutes, and more preferably 1-10 minutes. While the dyeing method preferably involves immersion in the solution, the process can also be carried out by applying the solution onto the polyvinyl alcohol resin film. The solution containing the azo compound can contain, as dyeing aids, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, anhydrous sodium sulfate, sodium tripolyphosphate, and the like. The amounts thereof can be adjusted to any desired concentration according to time and temperature, which depend on the dyeing properties of the dye; the respective contained amounts of each are preferably 0-5 wt %, more preferably 0.1-2 wt %. The azo compounds of the dichroic dyes disclosed in Non-Patent Reference 1 may be used in the form of a free acid, or as salts of the compounds. As such salts, there can be employed lithium salts, sodium salts, potassium salts, or other alkali metal salts, and ammonium salts, alkylamine salts, or other organic salts. Sodium salts are preferred.

After the dyeing step, a washing step (hereinafter “washing step 1”) can be carried out before proceeding to the next step. The washing step 1 is a step for washing away the dye solvent deposited on the surfaces of the polyvinyl alcohol resin film during the dyeing step. By carrying out the washing step 1, migration of dye into the liquid used in next treatment can be minimized. In the washing step 1, water is typically employed. The preferred washing method includes immersion in the solution, but washing can also be accomplished by applying the solution to the polyvinyl alcohol resin film. While there are no particular limitations as to the duration of washing, 1-300 seconds is preferred, and 1-60 seconds is more preferred. The temperature of the solvent in the washing step 1 must be a temperature such that the hydrophilic polymer does not dissolve. The washing process typically takes place at 5-40° C. However, as the absence of the washing step 1 does not pose any problems in terms of capabilities, this step can be omitted.

After the dyeing step or the washing step 1, a step for impregnating a crosslinking agent and/or a waterproofing agent can be carried out. As crosslinking agents, there can be employed, for example, boric acid, borax, ammonium borate, or other boron compounds; glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, or other polyvalent aldehydes; polyvalent isocyanate compounds of biuret type, isocyanurate type, blocked type, or the like; or titanium compounds such as titanium oxysulfate, or the like. Additionally, ethylene glycol glycidyl ether, polyamide-epichlorohydrin, or the like can be employed. The waterproofing agent may include succinic peroxide, ammonium persulfate, calcium perchlorate, benzoin ethyl ether, ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, glycerol diglycidyl ether, ammonium chloride, magnesium chloride, and the like; and boric acid is preferably used. The step for including crosslinking agents and/or waterproofing agents may be carried out using at least one or more types of the crosslinking agents and/or waterproofing agents indicated above. The solvent used at this time is preferably water, but is not limited thereto. The concentration of the crosslinking agent and/or waterproofing agent contained in the solvent in the step for including crosslinking agents and/or waterproofing agents, to take an example of boric acid, is preferably a concentration of 0.1-6.0 wt %, more preferably 1.0-4.0 wt %, with respect to the solvent. The solvent temperature in this step is preferably 5-70° C., more preferably 5-50° C. The preferred method for impregnating the crosslinking agent and/or waterproofing agent into the polyvinyl alcohol resin film includes immersion in the solution, but application or coating of the solution onto the polyvinyl alcohol resin film is acceptable as well. The treatment time in this step is preferably 30 seconds to 6 minutes, more preferably 1-5 minutes. However, impregnation by a crosslinking agent and/or waterproofing agent is not essential, and when it is desired to shorten the duration, or when crosslinking treatment or waterproofing treatment are unnecessary, this treatment step can be omitted.

After carrying out the dyeing step, the washing step 1, or the step for impregnating the crosslinking agent and/or waterproofing agent, a stretching step is carried out. The stretching step is a step for uniaxial stretching of the polyvinyl alcohol film. In the stretching method, either a wet stretching method or a dry stretching method may be employed. The present invention is realized by a stretching magnification of 3 times or greater. The stretching magnification is 3 times or greater, preferably 5 to 7 times.

In the case of a dry stretching method, when the heating medium for stretching is an air medium, stretching preferably takes place at the temperature of the air medium of ordinary temperature to 180° C. The treatment preferably takes place in an atmosphere with humidity of 20-95% RH. The heating method may include an inter-roll zone stretching method, a roll-heated stretching method, a rolling stretching method, an infrared heated stretching method, and the like, but is not limited thereto. The stretching step may involve stretching in a single stage, or multi-stage stretching in two or more stages.

In the case of a wet stretching method, stretching takes place in water, a water-soluble organic solvent, or a mixed solvent thereof. The stretching process preferably takes place while immersed in a solution containing a crosslinking agent and/or a waterproofing agent. Examples of the crosslinking agent used herein may include boric acid, borax, ammonium borate, or other boron compounds; glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, or other polyvalent aldehydes; polyvalent isocyanate compounds of biuret type, isocyanurate type, blocked type, or the like; or titanium compounds such as titanium oxysulfate, or the like; additionally, ethylene glycol glycidyl ether, polyamide-epichlorohydrin, or the like can be also used. Examples of the waterproofing agent used herein include cited succinic peroxide, ammonium persulfate, calcium perchlorate, benzoin ethyl ether, ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, glycerol diglycidyl ether, ammonium chloride, magnesium chloride, and the like. Stretching is carried out in a solution containing at least one or more of the crosslinking agents and/or waterproofing agents indicated above. The crosslinking agent is preferably boric acid. The concentration of the crosslinking agent and/or waterproofing agent in the stretching step is preferably, e.g., 0.5-15 wt %, more preferably 2.0-8.0 wt %. The stretching magnification is preferably 2-8 times, more preferably 5-7 times. Treatment preferably takes place at a stretching temperature of 40-60° C., more preferably 45-58° C. The duration of stretching is normally 30 seconds to 20 minutes, more preferably 2-5 minutes. The dry stretching step may involve stretching in a single stage, or multi-stage stretching in two or more stages.

After carrying out the stretching step, precipitation of the crosslinking agent and/or waterproofing agent, or adhesion of foreign matter, to the film surfaces sometimes occur; therefore, a washing step (hereinafter “washing step 2”) can be carried out to wash the film surfaces. The duration of washing is preferably 1 second to 5 minutes. The preferred washing method is immersion in a washing solution, but washing can be accomplished through application or coating of the solution onto the polyvinyl alcohol resin film as well. The washing process can take place in a single stage, or by a multi-stage process of two or more stages. There are no particular limitations as to the solution temperature in the washing step, but the temperature is normally 5-50° C., preferably 10-40° C.

Examples of the solvents employed in the process steps mentioned up to this point may include water, dimethyl sulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidone, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropyl alcohol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, trimethylol propane, and other alcohols, ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, or other amines, and other solvents. A single or a mixture of these solvents can be used. Water is the most preferred solvent.

After the stretching step or the washing step 2, a drying step of the film is carried out. The drying step may be carried out through natural drying; or, to enhance drying efficiency, compression by rollers, elimination of surface moisture by an air knife or water-absorbent roll, and/or forced air drying can be carried out. The drying treatment is preferably carried out at a drying temperature of 20-100° C., and more preferably by drying treatment at 60-100° C. The duration of the drying treatment can be 30 seconds to 20 minutes, and is preferably 5-10 minutes.

Through the above methods, there can be obtained a polarization element having single transmittance of 35% or above and a degree of polarization of 99% or above, a single body being a base material containing a dichroic dye composed of an azo compound, the polarization element characterized in that the a* value and the b* value calculated in accordance with JIS Z 8729 are such that the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value when single transmittance is measured are no more than 1, the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value measured with two of the base materials being arranged in parallel with respect to the direction of the absorption axis are no more than 2, and the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value measured with two of the base materials being arranged orthogonally with respect to the direction of the absorption axis are no more than 2.

The polarization element thusly obtained is provided on one or both surfaces with a transparent protective film, to give a polarization plate. The transparent protective film may be provided as a coating polymer film, or as a film laminate layer. The transparent polymer or film forming the transparent protective film is preferably a transparent polymer or film of high mechanical strength and excellent thermal stability. Examples of the substances for use as the transparent protective film may include triacetyl cellulose, diacetyl cellulose, and other such cellulose acetate resins or films thereof; acrylic resins or films thereof; polyvinyl chloride resins or films thereof; nylon resins or films thereof; polyester resins or films thereof; polyarylate resins or films thereof; cyclic polyolefin resins of cyclic olefin monomers such as norbornene, or films thereof; polyethylene; polypropylene; polyolefins having a cyclo or norbornene skeleton, or copolymers thereof; resins or polymers having amide and/or imide main chains or side chains, or films thereof, and the like. A resin having liquid crystallinity, or a film thereof, can also be provided as the transparent protective film. The transparent protective film thickness is, for example, about 0.5 μm-200 μm. Polarization plates are fabricated by providing one or more layers of these resins or films of the same or different type, to one or both surfaces.

An adhesive is needed to adhere the transparent protective film to the polarization element. While there are no particular limitations as to the adhesive, polyvinyl alcohol adhesives are preferred. Non-limiting examples of polyvinyl alcohol adhesives include GOHSENOL NH-26 (Nippon Synthetic Chemical Industry Co. Ltd.), EXCEVAL RS-2117 (Kuraray Co. Ltd.), and the like. Crosslinking agents and/or waterproofing agents can be added to the adhesive. Where a maleic anhydride-isobutylene copolymer is employed as a polyvinyl alcohol adhesive, a crosslinking agent may be mixed with the adhesive, if needed, for use. Example of maleic anhydride-isobutylene copolymers may include ISOBAM #18 (Kuraray Co. Ltd.), ISOBAM #04 (Kuraray Co. Ltd.), ammonia-modified ISOBAM #104 (Kuraray Co. Ltd.), ammonia-modified ISOBAM #110 (Kuraray Co. Ltd.), imidized ISOBAM #304 (Kuraray Co. Ltd.), imidized ISOBAM #310 (Kuraray Co. Ltd.), and the like. Water-soluble, polyvalent epoxy compounds can be employed as crosslinking agents in the process. Examples of water-soluble, polyvalent epoxy compounds may include DENAGOL EX-521 (Nagase Chemtex Corp.), TETRAD-C (Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company Inc.), and the like. As adhesives other than polyvinyl alcohol resins, widely known urethane based, acrylic based, or epoxy based adhesives can be used. With the aim of improving the adhesive strength or improving the water resistance of the adhesive, additives such as zinc compounds, chlorides, iodides, and the like may be included simultaneously, in concentrations of about 0.1-10 wt %. There are no particular limitations as to additives. Once the transparent protective film has been adhered using the adhesive, a polarization plate is obtained through drying or heat treatment, at appropriate temperature.

In some instances, in the case of adhesion to a display device of, for example, liquid crystal or organic electroluminescent type, or the like, the obtained polarization plate may be provided, on the surface of a protective layer or film subsequently serving as a non-exposed surface thereof, with layers of various functionalities for improving viewing angle and/or improving contrast, or with layers or films having luminance-improving properties. It is preferable to employ an adhesive when such a polarization plate is adhered to such a film or display device.

The polarization plate may also have on another surface thereof, i.e., on an exposed surface of the protective layer or film, an anti-reflection layer, an anti-glare layer, a hard coating layer, or other such widely known layers having various functionalities. While coating methods are the preferred method for fabrication of layers having various functionalities, films having such functions can be adhered via an adhesive or pressure-sensitive adhesive as well. The layers having various functionalities can also be layers or films for controlling phase differences.

Through the above methods, there can be provided a polarization element and a polarization plate, having single transmittance of 35% or above and a polarization degree of 99% or above, in which a base material contains a dichroic dye composed of an azo compound; the polarization element and a polarization plate being characterized in that the a* value and the b* value calculated in accordance with JIS-Z-8729 are such that the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value when the single transmittance is measured are no more than 1, the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value measured with two of the base materials being arranged parallel with respect to the direction of the absorption axis are no more than 2, and the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value measured with two of the base materials being arranged orthogonal with respect to the direction of the absorption axis are no more than 2. Liquid crystal display devices employing the polarization element or polarization plate of the present invention are liquid crystal display devices having high reliability, as well as long-lasting high contrast and high color reproduction.

The polarization elements or polarization plates of the present invention thus obtained may be provided, as needed, with a protective layer, or a functional layer and a support, or the like, and used in a liquid crystal projector, electronic calculator, clock, notebook PC, word processors, LCD TV, polarized lens, polarized glasses, car navigation unit, indoor/outdoor measuring instruments and indicators, or the like. In particular, the polarization elements or polarization plates may be utilized effectively in reflective liquid crystal display devices, semi-transmissive liquid crystal display devices, organic electroluminescent displays, and the like.

As one method of application, the polarization plate of the present invention may be used as a support-equipped polarization plate. The support is preferably one having a flat surface portion for the purpose of adhesion of the polarization plate. Moreover, as the intended purpose is for optical applications, molded glass components are preferred. Examples of the molded glass components may include glass sheets, lenses, prisms (e.g., triangular prisms or cubic prisms), and the like. A lens having an adhered polarization plate may be utilized as a polarization plate-equipped condenser lens, in a liquid crystal projector. A prism having an adhered polarization plate may be utilized as a polarization plate-equipped polarizing beam splitter, or as a polarization plate-equipped dichroic prism, in a liquid crystal projector. Adhesion to liquid crystal cells is also acceptable. Examples of the materials for the glass may include soda glass, borosilicate glass, inorganic bases of crystal, inorganic bases of sapphire, and other such inorganic glass, or sheets of acrylic, polycarbonate or other organic plastics; however, inorganic glass is preferred. The thickness and size of the glass sheet may be of the desired size. Glass-equipped polarization plates are preferably provided, on the glass surface or polarization surface thereof, or both, with an AR layer in order to further improve the single-plate light transmittance. A transparent adhesive (pressure-sensitive adhesive) is applied, for example, to the flat portion of such a support, and the polarization plate of the present invention is then adhered to this coated surface. Alternatively, an adhesive (pressure-sensitive adhesive) is applied to the polarization plate, and the support is then adhered to this coated surface. The transparent adhesive (pressure-sensitive adhesive) used here is preferably an acrylic acid ester based adhesive. Where the polarization plate is to be used as an elliptical polarization plate, a retardation plate side is normally adhered to the support side, but it is also acceptable that the polarization plate side is adhered to the molded glass component.

EXAMPLES

The present invention is described in further detail below through examples; however, the invention is not limited by these examples. The transmittance indicated in the examples was evaluated as follows.

The transmittance observed during measurement of a single polarization element or polarization plate is designated as transmittance Ts, the transmittance observed when two polarization elements or polarization plates are stacked with the absorption axis directions thereof aligned is designated as parallel transmittance Tp, and the transmittance observed when two polarization elements or polarization plates are stacked with the absorption axis directions thereof orthogonal is designated as orthogonal transmittance Tc.

The single transmittance Ys is computed according to the following formula (6), by calculating the spectral transmittance τλ at prescribed wavelength intervals dλ (here, 10 nm) in the 400 nm-700 nm wavelength region. In the formula, Pλ represents a spectral distribution of a standard illuminant (C illuminant), and yλ represents a two degree visual field color matching function.

$\begin{matrix} \left\lbrack {{Numerical}\mspace{14mu} {formula}\mspace{14mu} 1} \right\rbrack & \; \\ {{Ys} = \frac{\int_{400}^{700}{P\; {\lambda \cdot y}\; {\lambda \cdot \tau}\; {\lambda \cdot \ {\lambda}}}}{\int_{400}^{700}{P\; {\lambda \cdot y}\; {\lambda \cdot \ {\lambda}}}}} & {{Formula}\mspace{14mu} (5)} \end{matrix}$

The spectral transmittance τλ was measured using a spectrophotometer (U-4100 manufactured by Hitachi Ltd.).

The degree of polarization Py was calculated from the parallel transmittance Tp and the orthogonal parallel transmittance Tc, using formula (6).

[Numerical formula 2]

ρy={(Tp−Tc)/(Tp+Tc)}½×100  Formula (6)

Further, the transmittance during irradiation with absolutely-polarized light was measured using a spectrophotometer (U-4100 manufactured by Hitachi Ltd.). When measuring transmittance, an iodine type polarization plate (SKN-18043P manufactured by Polatechno Co. Ltd.) having a degree of polarization of 99.99% and transmittance of 43% subsequent to luminosity factor correction was positioned at the light exit side based on JIS-Z-8729 (C illuminant, two degree visual field), so that absolutely-polarized light being incident on the measured specimen. The protective layer of the iodine type polarization plate was triacetyl cellulose lacking a UV absorbing function.

Where Ky denotes the absolute parallel transmittance at individual wavelengths, obtained with absolutely-polarized light being incident on the polarization plate of the present invention, through measurements taken when the vibration direction of the absolutely-polarized light positioned and the absorption axis direction of the polarization plate of the present invention are orthogonal to one another (when the absorption axis of the absolutely-polarized light and the absorption axis of the polarization plate of the present invention are parallel), and Kz denotes the absolute orthogonal transmittance at individual wavelengths, obtained through measurements taken when the vibration direction of the absolutely-polarized light and the absorption axis direction of the polarization plate of the present invention are parallel to one another (when the absorption axis of the absolutely-polarized light and the absorption axis of the polarization plate of the present invention are orthogonal), Ky and Kz were measured at individual wavelengths.

Example 1

A polyvinyl alcohol film (VF-PS manufactured by Kuraray Co. Ltd.) having a saponification of 99% or greater and an average degree of polymerization of 2,400 was subjected to swelling treatment by immersion for two minutes in 45° C. hot water, at a stretching magnification of 1.30 times. The film having undergone swelling treatment was immersed for 4 minutes in an aqueous solution adjusted to 45° C., containing 1,500 weight parts of water, 1.5 weight part of sodium tripolyphosphate, 1.5 weight part of anhydrous sodium sulfate, 0.34 weight part of an azo compound having the structure of formula (1) disclosed in Example 1 of Japanese Patent Publication 4033443, 0.94 weight part of an azo compound having the structure of formula (2) of Example 4 disclosed in Japanese Examined Patent Application 01-005623, and 0.34 weight part of C.I. Direct Orange 39 having the structure of formula (4). The resulting film was immersed for one minute in an aqueous solution containing 20 g/L of boric acid (manufactured by Societa Chimica Larderello s.p.a.) at 40° C., and the resulting film was stretched for 5 minutes in a 50° C. aqueous solution containing 30.0 g/L of boric acid, the film being stretched at a stretching magnification of 5.0 times. The film obtained through boric acid treatment, while maintained in a tensioned state, was treated for 20 seconds with an aqueous solution adjusted to a potassium iodide content of 20 g/L, while held at 30° C. The treated film was subjected to a 9-minute drying treatment at 70° C., to obtain a polarization element according to the present invention. Using a polyvinyl alcohol based adhesive, the dried polarization element was laminated with an alkali-treated triacetyl cellulose film (TD-81U manufactured by Fuji Photographic Film Co. Ltd.), to obtain a polarization plate.

The obtained polarization plate was cut into 40 mm×40 mm pieces, and adhered to a 1 mm glass sheet with the pressure-sensitive adhesive PTR-300 (manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co. Ltd.), to produce specimens for measurement.

Example 2

Except that 0.70 weight part of an azo compound having the structure of formula (2) disclosed in Example 1 of Japanese Examined Patent Application 01-005623 was used instead of the 0.94 weight part of an azo compound having the structure of formula (2) of Example 4 of Japanese Examined Patent Application 01-005623 used in Example 1, and further 0.25 weight part of the azo compound employed in Example 3 of Japanese Patent Application 2011-197600 was added, a polarization element and a polarization plate were fabricated and measurement samples were obtained in accordance with the same manner as above.

Example 3

Except that 0.70 weight part of a dye having the structure of formula (2) disclosed in Example 1 of Japanese Examined Patent Application 01-005623 was used instead of the 0.94 weight part of the dye having the structure of formula (2) of Example 1 of Japanese Examined Patent Application 01-005623 disclosed in Example 1, and further a polyvinyl alcohol film (VF-PH #7500 manufactured by Kuraray Co. Ltd.) having an average degree of polymerization of 4,000 was used instead of the polyvinyl alcohol film (VF-PS #7500 manufactured by Kuraray Co. Ltd.) having an average degree of polymerization of 2,400, a polarization element and a polarization plate were fabricated and measurement samples were obtained in the same manner as above.

Comparative Example 1

Measurement samples were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that an iodine based polarization plate not containing an azo compound was produced in accordance with the formulation of Comparative Example 1 of Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application 2008-065222.

Comparative Example 2

Except that a polarization element containing an azo compound only as dye was prepared in accordance with the method of Example 1 of Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application 11-218611, in which a polarization film of neutral color is disclosed, a polarization plate was fabricated and measurement samples were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1.

Comparative Example 3

Except that a dye based polarization element containing an azo compound only as dye was prepared in accordance with the method of Example 3 in Japanese Patent Publication 4162334, a polarization plate was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1.

Comparative Example 4

Except that an equal amount of C.I. Direct Red 81 was used instead of the 0.34 weight part of the azo compound having the structure of formula (1) disclosed in Example 1 of Japanese Patent Publication 4033443 and the hue was not adjusted, a polarization element was fabricated and measurement samples were obtained in the same manner as in Example 2. Here, the polarization element did not satisfy the condition that the a* value and a b* value calculated in accordance with JIS-Z-8729 are such that the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value when the single transmittance is measured are no more than 1, the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value measured with two of the base materials being arranged in parallel with respect to the direction of the absorption axis are no more than 2, and the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value measured with two of the base materials being arranged orthogonal with respect to the direction of the absorption axis are no more than 2.

Comparative Example 5

Except that an equal amount of the azo compound disclosed in Example 1 of Japanese Patent Publication 2622748 was used instead of the 0.70 weight part of the azo compound having the structure of formula (2) disclosed in Example 1 of Japanese Examined Patent Application 01-005623 with and the hue was not adjusted, a polarization element was fabricated and measurement samples were obtained in the same manner as in Example 2. Here, the polarization element did not satisfy the condition that the a* value and a b* value calculated in accordance with JIS-Z-8729 are such that the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value when the single transmittance is measured are no more than 1, the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value measured with two of the base materials being arranged in parallel with respect to the direction of the absorption axis are no more than 2, and the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value measured with two of the base materials being arranged orthogonal with respect to the direction of the absorption axis are no more than 2.

Comparative Example 6

Except that an equal amount of C.I. Direct Orange 72 was used instead of the 0.34 weight part of C.I. Direct Orange 39 having the structure of formula (2) and the hue was not adjusted, a polarization element was fabricated and measurement samples were obtained in the same manner as in Example 2. Here, the polarization element did not satisfy the condition that the a* value and a b* value calculated in accordance with JIS-Z-8729 are such that the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value when the single transmittance is measured are no more than 1, the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value measured with two of the base materials being arranged in parallel with respect to the direction of the absorption axis are no more than 2, and the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value measured with two of the base materials being arranged orthogonal with respect to the direction of the absorption axis are no more than 2.

Comparative Example 7

An SHC-128 super contrast polarization plate of neutral color manufactured by Polatechno Co. Ltd. was subjected to the measurement.

The results of measuring Ys, ρ, a*-s, b*-s, a*-p, b*-p, a*-c, and b*-c in Examples 1 and 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 7, and the colors observed with the polarization plate in the parallel orientation and the orthogonal orientation, are shown in Table 1. Fundamentally, colors observed with the polarization plate in the parallel orientation and in the orthogonal orientation refer in the case of the parallel orientation color to white, and in the case of the orthogonal orientation color to black; however, those indicated, e.g., as displaying “yellow” indicate white having a yellowish tone, and those indicated as displaying as “purple” indicate black having a purplish tone.

TABLE 1 Avg. Color in a Color in an transmittance parallel orthogonal Ys ρy a*-s b*-s a*-p b*-p a*-c b*-c at 410-750 nm arrangement arrangement Ex. 1. 36.11 99.99 −0.23 −0.72 −0.38 −1.19 0.88 −1.58 37.88 white black Ex. 2 36.15 99.99 −0.38 −0.19 −0.61 −0.31 0.41 −0.73 37.76 white black Ex. 3 37.82 99.99 −0.26 −0.39 −0.53 −0.58 0.51 −0.89 39.16 white black Cmp. 41.43 99.99 −1.93 4.34 −3.22 7.78 0.00 −0.02 41.27 yellow- black Ex. 1 green Cmp. 39.36 99.74 −0.59 3.94 −0.89 7.06 0.10 0.09 40.08 yellow black Ex. 2 Cmp. 39.76 99.89 −1.76 3.91 −3.04 7.06 0.58 −1.30 39.65 yellow- black Ex. 3 green Cmp. 39.37 99.99 0.14 3.02 0.43 5.52 0.25 −0.26 39.57 yellow black Ex. 4 Cmp. 38.40 99.99 −0.38 2.63 −0.55 4.81 0.52 −0.91 38.91 yellow black Ex. 5 Cmp. 36.51 99.98 −0.47 −0.68 −0.86 −1.05 1.24 −2.27 38.24 white blue- Ex. 6 purple Cmp. 39.09 99.93 −0.42 3.69 −0.56 6.69 −0.03 −0.08 39.36 yellow black Ex. 7

Table 2 shows the average transmittance at 400 nm to 460 nm, the average transmittance at 550 nm to 600 nm, the average transmittance at 600 nm to 670 nm, the absolute value of the difference between the average transmittance at 400 nm to 460 nm and the average transmittance at 550 nm to 600 nm, and the absolute value of the difference between the average transmittance 550 nm to 600 nm and the average transmittance at 600 nm to 670 nm in Examples 1 to 7 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4, when absolutely-polarized light was incident.

TABLE 2 Absolute value of Absolute value of difference between difference between avg. transmittance avg. transmittance Avg. Avg. Avg. at 400-460 nm and at 550-600 nm and transmittance transmittance transmittance avg. transmittance avg. transmittance at 400-460 nm at 550-600 nm at 600-670 nm at 550-600 nm at 600-670 nm parallel orthogonal parallel orthogonal parallel orthogonal parallel orthogonal parallel orthogonal arrangement arrangement arrangement arrangement arrangement arrangement arrangement arrangement arrangement arrangement Ex. 1 73.28 0.298 71.70 0.001 72.17 0.004 1.58 0.297 0.34 0.003 Ex. 2 72.59 0.153 71.94 0.000 72.31 0.002 0.65 0.153 0.38 0.002 Ex. 3 76.12 0.175 75.20 0.000 75.53 0.002 0.92 0.174 0.42 0.002 Cmp. 64.23 0.026 82.40 0.010 83.49 0.007 18.17 0.016 0.46 0.003 Ex. 1 Cmp. 71.94 0.147 80.08 0.107 80.75 0.117 8.14 0.039 0.50 0.009 Ex. 2 Cmp. 64.69 0.139 79.72 0.008 80.57 0.181 15.24 0.132 0.54 0.174 Ex. 3 Cmp. 73.14 0.196 78.60 0.001 80.72 0.007 5.46 0.195 0.57 0.006 Ex. 4 Cmp. 71.21 0.189 76.99 0.001 79.62 0.007 5.79 0.189 0.61 0.006 Ex. 5 Cmp. 73.93 1.104 72.46 0.001 72.65 0.004 1.47 1.103 0.65 0.003 Ex. 6 Cmp. 72.09 0.123 80.21 0.107 80.76 0.103 8.12 0.016 0.69 0.004 Ex. 7

Durability Test

The polarization plates obtained in Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 7 were exposed to an environment of 85° C. and relative humidity of 85% RH for 240 hours. The specimen of Comparative Example 1 experienced a change in transmittance to 44.17%, a change in b*-c to −9.1, and a change in visually observed color to blue; in particular, when the polarization plates were positioned orthogonally, an intense blue color was apparent. By contrast, the specimens of Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 2 to 7 had no visible change in transmittance or in hue.

As may be appreciated from looking at the measured values of Ys, ρ, a*-s, b*-s, a*-p, b*-p, a*-c, and b*-c in Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 7 of Table 1, obtaining, according to the present invention, there is obtained a polarization element or polarization plate having a single transmittance of 35% or above and a polarization degree of 99% or above, the single body being a base material containing a dichroic dye comprising an azo compound; the polarization plate being characterized in that the a* value and the b* value calculated in accordance with JIS-Z-8729 are such that the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value when the single transmittance is measured are no more than 1, the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value measured with two base materials being arranged in parallel with respect to the direction of the absorption axis are no more than 2, and the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value measured with two base materials being arranged orthogonal with respect to the direction of the absorption axis are no more than 2. Further, the polarization element or polarization plate results in achromatic white and black being displayed in cases of parallel white display and orthogonal black display, respectively. Looking at the average transmittance at 410 to 750 nm, it may be appreciated that the polarization plate of the present invention has higher transmittance than the polarization plate of approximately 31 to 32% disclosed in Example 1 or 2 of Japanese Patent Publication 3357803. Moreover, from the transmittance at individual wavelengths, it will be appreciated that achromatic color is produced in the parallel and orthogonal orientations by a polarization plate in which the transmittance at individual wavelengths measured during irradiation by polarized light, the vibration direction of the absolutely polarized form of which being the orthogonal direction to the absorption axis direction of the base material polarization element, is adjusted such that the difference between average transmittance at 550 nm to 600 nm and at 400 to 460 nm is no more than 4%, while the difference between average transmittance at 600 nm to 670 nm and the average transmittance at 550 nm to 600 nm is no more than 3%; and the transmittance at individual wavelengths measured during irradiation by polarized light, the vibration direction of the absolutely polarized form of which being the parallel direction to the absorption axis direction of the base material polarization element, is adjusted such that the difference between average transmittance at 550 nm to 600 nm and at 400 to 460 nm is no more than 1%, and the difference between average transmittance at 600 nm to 670 nm and the average transmittance at 550 nm to 600 nm to no more than 1%. The polarization plates thus obtained, while having high transmittance, are capable of expressing achromatic white when the absorption axis of the polarization element is arranged in parallel, and capable of expressing achromatic black when the absorption axis of the polarization element is arranged orthogonally, and has high durability. The polarization plate or polarization elements of the present invention have high durability not attainable with iodine based polarization plates, and even after being subjected to durability testing, had achromatic white color in the parallel orientation, and achromatic black color in the orthogonal orientation. Additionally, a liquid crystal display devices employing the polarization element or polarization plate of the present invention results in a liquid crystal display devices having not only high luminance and high contrast, but also high reliability, as well as long-lasting high contrast and high color reproduction. 

1. A polarization element comprising a base material containing an azo compound, wherein the polarization element is characterized in that: a* value and b* value of a hue calculated in accordance with JIS-Z-8729 are such that the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value when the single transmittance is measured are no more than 1, the absolute values of the a* value and the b* value measured with two of the base materials being arranged in parallel with respect to an absorption axis direction are no more than 2, and absolute values of the a* value and the b* value measured with two of the base materials being arranged orthogonally with respect to an absorption axis direction are no more than 2; and the single transmittance is 35% or above, and a polarization degree is 99% or above.
 2. The polarization element according to claim 1, characterized in that the single transmittance is 35% to 40%, and the transmittance measured with two base materials being arranged orthogonally with respect to the absorption axis direction is equal to or less than 0.1%.
 3. The polarization element according to claim 1, characterized in that: transmittance of individual wavelengths during irradiation with polarized light, an absolutely polarized form of which having a vibration direction orthogonal to the absorption axis direction of a base material polarization element, is such that an absolute value of difference between average transmittance at 550 nm to 600 nm and average transmittance at 400 nm to 460 nm is no more than 4%, and an absolute value of the difference between average transmittance at 600 nm to 670 nm and average transmittance at 550 nm to 600 nm is no more than 3%; and transmittance of individual wavelengths during irradiation with polarized light, an absolutely polarized form of which having a vibration direction parallel to the absorption axis direction of the base material polarization element, is such that an absolute value of difference between average transmittance at 550 nm to 600 nm and average transmittance at 400 nm to 460 nm is no more than 1%, and an absolute value of difference between average transmittance at 600 nm to 670 nm and average transmittance at 550 nm to 600 nm is no more than 1%.
 4. The polarization element according to claim 1, characterized by containing azo compounds, wherein the azo compounds are an azo compound represented by formula (1) or a salt thereof, and an azo compound represented by formula (2) or a salt thereof:

(wherein A₁ represents a phenyl group or naphthyl group having a substituent group; R₁ and R₂ each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group, a lower alkoxy group, a sulfo group, or a lower alkoxy group having a sulfo group; and X₁ represents a phenylamino group optionally having a substituent group)

(wherein A₂ represents a phenyl group or naphthyl group having a substituent group; R₃ represents a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group, a lower alkoxy group, a sulfo group, or a lower alkoxy group having a sulfo group; and X₂ represents a phenylamino group optionally having a substituent group).
 5. The polarization element according to claim 4, characterized by further containing an azo compound selected from azo compounds represented by formula (3), salts thereof, and transition metal complexes thereof:

(wherein A₃ represents a nitro group or an amino group; R₄ represents a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a lower alkyl group, a lower alkoxy group, a sulfo group, or a lower alkoxy group having a sulfo group; and X₃ represents a phenylamino group optionally having a substituent group).
 6. The polarization element according to claim 4, characterized by further containing an azo compound selected from azo compounds represented by formula (4), salts thereof, and transition metal complexes thereof:

(wherein R₅ and R₆ each independently represent a sulfo group, a carboxy group, a hydroxy group, a lower alkyl group, or a lower alkoxy group; and n represents an integer of 1 to 3).
 7. The polarization element according to claim 4, characterized in that R₃ of formula (2) is a methyl group or a methoxy group.
 8. The polarization element according to claim 4, characterized in that A₁ of formula (1) is a phenyl group having a substituent group.
 9. The polarization element according to claim 5, characterized in that that the azo compound represented by formula (3) is a copper complex.
 10. The polarization element according to claim 5, characterized in that the substituent group of A₃ of formula (3) is a nitro group.
 11. The polarization element according to claim 5, characterized in that R₄ of formula (3) is a methoxy group.
 12. The polarization element according to claim 1, characterized in that the base material comprises a polyvinyl alcohol resin film.
 13. A polarization plate comprising a support film furnished to at least one surface of the polarization element according to claim
 1. 14. A liquid crystal display device comprising the polarization element according to claim
 1. 15. A liquid crystal display device comprising the polarization plate according to claim
 13. 